After studying painting at the Art Academy in Dresden, Felixmüller worked as a painter in Dresden and Berlin, often contributing to the journals Der Sturm and Die Aktion. In 1917 he founded Menschen with his friend Felix Stiemer. In 1919 he founded the Dresdner Sezession Gruppe 1919 and joined the November Group. He also wrote several texts on art and design. Greatly influenced by Expressionism, his style moved toward a more restrained realism, in line with the social changes of the time, and later toward calmer, more personal subjects. From 1934 to 1941 he lived in Berlin, where he was increasingly excluded from the art world under the Nazi regime. In 1949 he became Professor of Painting and Drawing at the Martin Luther University in Halle. He moved back to Berlin in 1961.