El Lissitzky showed an early aptitude for art but was denied admission to the Art Academy in Saint Petersburg, probably because of restrictions on Jewish students. He studied architectural engineering in Darmstadt, Germany, from 1909 to 1914. Returning to Russia during the First World War, he became involved in Jewish art and book design. In 1919, Marc Chagall invited him to teach architecture and graphic design at the art school in Vitebsk, where he met Kazimir Malevich and joined UNOVIS, a group devoted to Suprematism. He developed his Proun series, exploring the relationship between painting and architecture. In 1921, he returned to Germany and became involved in Constructivism. His architectural projects included Wolkenbügel, a proposal for horizontal skyscrapers. Back in the Soviet Union from 1925, he continued working in architecture and graphic design, including propaganda, until his death in Moscow in 1941.